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Pepkowitz involved in Manhattan Project

Leonard Pepkowitz, who headed the analytical chemistry group at Los Alamos National Laboratory as a member of the Manhattan Project during World War II, died on Oct. 19 in Amherst, N.Y. He was 91.

The cause was congestive heart failure, his family said.

Pepkowitz received his undergraduate degree from the University of Minnesota and a doctorate in biochemistry from Rutgers in 1943.

Pepkowitz began his career as a biochemist studying plant physiology but shifted subjects to join the atomic bomb project at Los Alamos Lab in 1944.

Following the war, he continued his work in radiochemistry for General Electric in Schenectady, N.Y., and helped refine the GE Betatron, an early particle accelerator used to produce X-rays for nuclear research. From 1947 to 1953, Pepkowitz was head of the general analytical section at GE's Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory in Niskayuna, N.Y., where he worked on developing materials to cool nuclear reactors.

He held other research positions in the nuclear materials industry before joining the faculty of Erie Community College in Buffalo in 1971. At Erie, Pepkowitz taught chemistry and science, and was named a professor in 1975. He retired in 1987.

At points throughout his career, he was a member of the Atomic Energy Commission's committee for materials and methods of measurements.

Pepkowitz was born in Paterson, N.J., in 1915.

Hauge led Norway's underground military

Jens Christian Hauge, who led Norway's underground military resistance to the Nazi occupation during World War II, then helped shape his nation's postwar future, died Oct. 30 in Oslo. He was 91.

The Norwegian government announced his death.

As defense minister after the war, Hauge led in bringing Norway from its traditional posture of neutrality into the NATO alliance against the Soviet Union and prodded his country into a steep postwar arms buildup.

After oil was found in the Norwegian part of the North Sea in 1968, he led the formation of a national oil company similar to those that countries like Libya and Kuwait were then creating. This allowed Norway greater control over the ultimate use of its petroleum.

He also helped start the Scandinavian Airline System, or SAS, and was its chairman.

Hauge was defense minister from 1945 until 1952 and justice minister in 1955.

Hauge was born on May 15, 1915. He earned a law degree from the University of Oslo in 1937 and took a job in the government's price-control office.

After Nazi Germany conquered Norway in 1940 he joined Milorg, the main armed Norwegian resistance group, and assumed leadership in early 1943.

Klan leader served life for bombing death

JACKSON, Miss. - Samuel Bowers, the Ku Klux Klan leader who ordered the assassination of civil rights activist Vernon Dahmer in 1966, died Sunday in a state penitentiary, officials said. He was 82.

Bowers was serving a life sentence for the bombing death of Dahmer.

Bowers died of cardio pulmonary arrest, said Mississippi Department of Corrections spokeswoman Tara Booth.

Bowers was convicted in August of 1998 of ordering the hit on Dahmer, a civil rights activist in Mississippi's turbulent struggle over racial equality.

As head of the KKK, Bowers also allegedly approved the 1964 killing killings of civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner. Those slayings inspired the 1988 movie "Mississippi Burning."